by John R. Swanton

Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145—1953

[726 pages—Smithsonian Institution]

(pp. 250-259)

Indiana

Chippewa. Representatives of this tribe appear as parties to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and treaties made in 1817 and 1821 by which lands in Indiana were relinquished to the Whites. (See Minnesota.)

Delaware. About 1770 the Delaware, most of whom were then living in Ohio, received permission from the Miami and Piankashaw to occupy that part of Indiana between the Ohio and White Rivers, where at one period they had six villages. In course of time, all moved west of the Mississippi to Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. (See New Jersey.)

Erie. Erie tribal territory may once have extended into the northeastern part of the State, but this tribe played but little part in the known history of the region covered by it. (See Ohio.)

Illinois. Representatives of this tribe appear as parties to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, relinquishing land in Indiana to the Whites. (See Illinois.)

Iroquois. The earlier Indian occupants of Indiana were largely driven out by the Iroquois, particularly by the western-most of the Iroquois tribes, the Seneca, yet they seem to have had few settlements in the State. (See New York.)

Kickapoo. When the Kickapoo were on Vermilion River, Ill., they undoubtedly occupied some of western Indiana for brief periods. (See Wisconsin.)

Miami. The name is thought to be derived from the Chippewa word Omaumeg, signifying "people on the peninsula," but according to their own traditions, it came from the word for pigeon. The name used by themselves, as recorded and often used by early writers, is Twightwees, derived from the cry of a crane. Also called:

Naked Indians, a common appellation used by the colonists, from a confusion of twaⁿh, twaⁿh, the cry of a crane, with tawa, "naked."
Pkíwi-léni, by the Shawnee, meaning "dust or ashes people."
Säⁿshkiá-a-rúnõ, by the Wyandot, meaning "people dressing finely, or fantastically."
Tawatawas, meaning "naked." (See Naked Indians above.)
Wa-yä-tä-no'-ke, cited by Morgan (1851).

Connection.—The Miami belonged to the Algonquian linguistic stock, their nearest immediate connections being with the Illinois.

Location.—For territory occupied in Indiana, see History. (See also Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin.)

Subdivisions and Villages.—French writers divided the Miami into the following five bands: Piankashaw, Wea, Atchatchakangouen, Kilatika, Mengakonkia, and Pepicokia. The first two later became recognized as independent tribes, the last may have been absorbed by the Piankashaw but this and the other three divisions are no longer recognized. The following villages are mentioned:

Chicago, on the site of the present city, probably occupied by Wea.
Chippekawkay (Piankashaw), perhaps containing originally the Pepicokia band, on the site of Vincennes, Knox County, Ind.
Choppatee's Village, on the west bank of St. Joseph River, a few miles from Fort Wayne, Allen County, Ind.
Flat Belly's Village (see Papakeecha).
Kekionga, on the east bank of St. Joseph River, in Allen County, Ind., Opposite Fort Wayne.
Kenapacomaqua, a Wea village on the West bank of Eel River, near its mouth 6 miles above Logansport, Cass County, Ind.
Kokomo, on the site of the present Kokomo, Ind.
Kowasikka or Thorntown, on Sugar Creek near the present Thornton, Boone County, Ind.
Little Turtle's Village, on Eel River, Ind., about 20 miles northwest of Fort Wayne.
Meshingomesia, on a reservation on the northeastern side of Mississinewa River, in Liberty Township, Wabash County, Ind.
Missinquimeschan, probably Piankashaw, near the site of Washington, Daviess County, Ind.
Mississinewa, on the east side of Mississinewa River at its junction with the Wabash in Miami County, Ind.
Osaga, location uncertain.
Papakeecha, named from its chief, east of Turkey Lake at the present Indian village, Noble County, Ind.
Piankashaw, occupied by Piankashaw, on Wabash River at the junction of the Vermilion.
Pickawillanee, on Miami River at the site of the present Piqua, Miami County, Ohio.
Saint Francis Xavier, mission for Miami and Mascouten on Fox River, Wis., near De Pere, Brown County.
Seek's Village, on Eel River about 3 miles from Columbia City, in Whitley County, Ind.
Thornton (see Kowasikka).
White Raccoon's Village, near the present Aboite, Allen County, Ind.

History.—Miami were living in the neighborhood of Green Bay, Wis., when knowledge of the tribe first came to Europeans shortly after the middle of the seventeenth century. In 1670 they were at the headwaters of Fox River, but soon afterward they formed new settlements at the southern end of Lake Michigan and on Kalamazoo River, Mich. It is quite possible that bands of this tribe had moved from Wisconsin at a still earlier period and were in northern Indiana. Their first settlements at the lower end of Lake Michigan were at Chicago and on St. Joseph River. In 1703 there was a Miami village at Detroit, but the greater part of the tribe continued to live on St. Joseph River for a considerable period. By 1711 they had reached the Wabash, and presently they were forced from St. Joseph River by the otawatomi, Kickapoo, and other northern tribes. In consequence they moved farther south and also eastward to Miami River, and perhaps as far as the Scioto. After the peace of 1763, they abandoned these eastern territories to the Shawnee and retired to Indiana. They took a prominent part in all subsequent wars in this section, but soon after the War of 1812 began to dispose of their lands and by 1838 had parted with most of them, the United States Government agreeing to provide them with new lands west of the Mississippi. In 1840 all of their remaining territories were ceded except one tract reserved for a part of the tribe called Meshingomesia's band, which had chosen to remain in their old country. In 1867 the rest accompanied the Illinois to Oklahoma, where they were given a reservation in the northeastern corner of the State. Their lands now have been allotted in severalty, and they are citizens of the State of Oklahoma. The lands of Meshingomesia's band in Indiana were divided among the survivors in 1872 and their descendants arc citizens of Indiana.

Population.—Mooney (1928) estimated 4,500 Miami, including the Wea and Piankashaw, in the year 1660. An estimate of 1764 gives them 1,750, but a year later another subtracts 500 from this figure. In 1825 the Miami, Wea, and Piankashaw, entered as tribes, were supposed to total about 1,400, of whom 327 were Wea. In 1885 only 57 Miami proper were officially recognized in Indian Territory, while the Wea and Piankashaw were enumerated with the Illinois, the whole numbering 149. These last had increased to 191 in 1903. In 1905 the total number of Miami in Indian Territory was 124. In 1900 the Miami in Indiana, including many White-Indian mixed-bloods, numbered 243. The census of 1910 returned 226 Miami, of whom 123 were in Oklahoma and 90 in Indiana. The United States Indian Office Report of 1923 gave 125 Indians in Indiana, most of whom certainly belonged to this tribe. The census of 1930 returned 284 Miami and Illinois; the 47 reported from Indiana were, of course, all Miami. In 1937, 287 were reported from Oklahoma.

Connection in which they have become noted.—Historically the Miami were noted as one of those tribes which offered steady resistance to the westward movement of White population in the eighteenth century. Their name has been given to three Ohio rivers of some importance, the Great Miami, Little Miami, and Maumee; counties in Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas; and to places in California, Indiana, Oklahoma, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and Manitoba, Canada; also to a creek in Missouri. There are places of the name in Gila County, Ariz.; Miami County, Ind.; Saline County, Mo.; Colfax County, N. Mex., Ottawa County, Okla.; Roberts County, Tex.; Kanawha County, W. Va. Miamisburg is in Montgomery County, Miamitown in Hamilton County, and Miamiville in Clermont County, all in Ohio; and Miami Station is in Carroll County, Mo. The name of Miami, Fla., and the derived Miami Beach and Miami Springs, Fla., have a different origin. The Miami tribe had a famous chief, Little Turtle, whose name often appears in historical narratives.

Mosopelea. Before this tribe left its former territory north of the Ohio, it probably extended into the extreme southeastern part of Indiana. (See Ohio.)

Neutrals. The Neutral Nation may have extended slightly into the northeastern portion of this State, though this is uncertain. (See New York.)

Ottawa. Representatives of the Ottawa appear as parties to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, relinquishing Indiana land to the Whites, and as parties to similar treaties in 1817 and 1821. (See Michigan.)

Potawatomi. The Potawatomi pushed into the northern part of Indiana during the eighteenth century and were in occupancy until they ceded their lands to the United States Government in the first half of the nineteenth century. (See Michigan.)

Seneca, see Iroquois.

Shawnee. There areas an ancient Shawnee town in Posey County, Ind., at the junction of the Wabash and Ohio. At a later period the tribe had settlements along the southern and eastern borders, and the soil of Indiana was the scene of the activities of the Shawnee prophet and his brother Tecumseh until after Gen. Harrison's victory at Tippecanoe. (See Tennessee.)

Wyandot. Representatives of this tribe appear as parties to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, relinquishing land in Indiana to the Whites. (See Wisconsin and Ohio.)