by John R. Swanton
Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145—1953
[726 pages—Smithsonian Institution]
(pp. 611-642)

Mexico

The latest and most detailed attempt to classify the languages of México and Central America is that of Dr. J. Alden Mason assisted by Mr. Frederick Johnson (1940). Aside from some unaffiliated families and some languages of uncertain affiliations, these writers classify the known languages of this area into 4 great phyla embracing 15 stocks and under these in turn 23 families. In his table Dr. Mason also makes use of such divisions as subphyla, substock, subfamily, and groups, and he continues his classification down to languages, varieties, dialects, and variations. For our purposes, the minor distinctions are unnecessary, many of them being uncertain and subject to constant revision, but the phyla, stocks, and families it is useful to keep in mind, and they may be indicated in small compass by reproducing the essential parts of the legend on Mr. Johnson's map, as follows, merely changing Mosumalpan to Misumalpan, as in Mason's text:

Such a classification does not represent, and is not supposed by its authors to represent, the last word on the subject, and some of the classifications, particularly the reduction of almost all languages under four phyla, are certain to receive vigorous opposition. Some of the stock groupings also will not meet with unqualified approval. The family divisions, however, and most of the stocks have already obtained general acceptance. In referring to each tribe, therefore, I shall not ordinarily attempt to go beyond mention of the family and stock affiliations.

Three of the four phyla, it will be noticed, are represented outside of the area under discussion, the Hokan-Siouan, and Macro-Penutian to the northward, and the Macro-Chibchan in South America. This applies also to the Hokan, Coahuiltecan, Uto-Aztecan, and Chibchan stocks, and to the Yuman, Taracahitian, and Piman families.

This classification also omits one phylum, stock, and family mentioned in the text, the Athapascan, disregarded evidently because it intruded into México only at a late period and in fact had no permanent settlements there.

The words "tribe," "band," and "division" will be employed rather indiscriminately in what follows. One of the lessons resulting from any attempt to classify or "give the number of" Indian tribes— a remark which might be made still more general— is the fact noted already in the Introduction, that there is no specific definition of such names that will apply in all cases. Sometimes a tribe is a tribe because of its political unity, sometimes because of its dialectic unity, sometimes from a mere "consciousness of kind" on the part of the individuals composing it. A "band" is supposedly a subdivision of a "tribe" but, the definition of n tribe being such as it is, it is frequently impossible to say whether we have a tribe or a band. The word "division" assumes, of course, a larger unit but there are divisions which would be tribes from one point of view and divisions or bands from others. Still the application of a name to any group of Indians whether by themselves or by outsiders means that they share something in common whether that something be a common territory, a common language, a common or similar culture, or a common government. The common territory, language, culture, or government may, however, extend beyond the tribe. A common territory may be shared by two or more tribes, as for instance in the case of the Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara Indians of North Dakota. A common language is shared by tribes bitterly hostile to each other, such as the Dakota and Assiniboin and the Choctaw and Chickasaw. A common culture is shared by numbers of Indians in California who differ in language, and a common government is shared by the five tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy and the several tribes of the Creek Confederation. For all that, each tribal name means something and a knowledge of them, or at least directory to them, with some intimation as to their geographical and linguistic position, as basal ordinarily to their cultural position, is of distinct service to ethnologists and ethnographers.

Only the names of the most important divisions have been placed upon the map.

Abasopalme, a band of Concho Indians.

Abra, a division ("province") of Guetare mentioned by Peralta (1895).

Acasaquastlan, location of a division of Nahuatl in the Republic of Honduras.

Acaxee, a tribe belonging to the Taracahitian branch of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, located on the headwaters of the Culiacán River and centering about the valleys of San Andres and Topia. Subdivisions: Acaxee, Sabaibo, and Tebaca; the Papudo and Tecaya are also mentioned.

Accerri, a division ("province"') of Guetare mentioned by Peralta.

Achire, a division of Guasave at the southern end of their territory, near the mouth of the Río Lorenzo.

Acolhua, one of the three Nahuatl tribes which formed the Aztec Confederacy.

Aguacatec I, a tribe belonging to the Quichoid division of the Mayan family, in the region of Aguacatán in the northeastern part of the Mam territory.

Aguacatec II, in the Zoque subfamily of the Mizocuavean stock, located in the Quiche territory in southwestern Guatemala, in the region of Aguacatán.

Ahomama, a Lagunero band.

Ahome, a division of the Guasave about the mouth of the Río Fuerte.

Ahuachapan, the location of a detached body of Pokomam in the eastern part of El Salvador.

Aibine, a division of Xixime.

Akwa'ala, or Paipai, a Yuman (Hokan) tribe which occupied an inland territory at the northern end of the peninsula of Baja California.

Alaguilac, a tribe whose language resembled Pipil and therefore belonged to the Uto-Aztecan stock, located on the Río Motagua in the eastern part of Guatemala.

Alamama, a Lagunero band.

Amusgo, or Amishgo, a tribe of the Miztecan family occupying a wedge-shaped area between the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero, and extending to the Pacific Ocean.

Anachiquaies (the Anacasiguais of Orozco y Berra, 1864), a Tamaulipec tribe about Escandón.

Apache, name given to several Athapascan tribes which invaded México in post-Columbian times. (See New Mexico.)

Apostata, a Tamaulipec tribe about Burgos.

Ara, an unclassified tribe but supposed to be Chibchan.

Aracanaes, the Anacana of Orozco y Berra (1864), a Tamaulipec tribe about Altamira.

Aretino, a Tamaulipec tribe mentioned by Orozco y Berra (1864).

Aripa, a Waicuri division in the northwestern part of She Waicuri territory.

Atzinca, a division of the Matlatzinca at San Juan Acingo, México.

Aycalme, a band of the Concho.

Aztec, the most prominent of all the Nahuatl tribes, located on the site of the present City of México.

Bachilmi, a Concho band.

Baciroa, a tribe probably cognate with the Conicari and Tepahue and therefore in the Taracahitian family, located south of the Conicari and between the Mayo and Tehueco.

Bagaces, an Aztecoidan (Uto-Aztecan) tribe in the interior of Costa Rica northward from the head of the Gulf of Nicoya.

Baimena, a division of the Zoe, in the southern part of the Zoe territory.

Baldam, a division of the Mosquito Indians near the Tuapi Lagoon.

Bambana, a mixed Mosquito-Sumo tribe on the Río Bambana in eastern Nicaragua.

Bamoa, a tribe of Cahita south of the Río Sinaloa.

Baopapa, a Concho band.

Bawihka, a Sumo tribe in the northern interior of Nicaragua, east of Wanks River near its mouth.

Bayano, a Cuna tribe (Chibchan stock).

Baymunana, a tribe of possibly Sumo affiliations (Misumalpan stock) south of Cape Gracias a Dios.

Boa, a Sumo tribe on the headwaters of the Río Grande near the Matagalpa Indians, central Nicaragua.

Borrado, a Tamaulipec tribe near Dolores.

Boruca, a Chibchan tribe on the Pacific coast in southeastern Costa Rica about Coronado Bay.

Bribri, a Chibchan tribe speaking the Talamanca language, and located on the upper course of the Río Tarire in the territory of the present Republic of Panama and adjacent parts of Costa Rica.

Burica, a Chibchan tribe of the Dorasque division located in the southwestern corner of the Republic of Panama and neighboring parts of Costa Rica.

Burucaca, a Chibchan tribe related to the Boruca and living in the eastern part of Costa Rica in the interior.

Cabecar, a Chibchan tribe of the Talamanca division located in eastern Costa Rica inland. A synonym for Chiripo.

Cabezas, a tribe or band mentioned by Orozco y Berra (1864) and possibly connected with the Toboso, who were sometimes regarded as belonging to the Athapascan family.

Cacalote, a Tamaulipec tribe about Mier.

Cacalotito, a Concho band (Uto-Aztecan stock).

Cacaopera, a tribe speaking a Matagalpa dialect and living in the extreme northeastern part of El Salvador in the villages of Cacaopera and Lislique.

Cadimas (Orozco y Berra (1864) has Cadinias), a Tamaulipec tribe living about Guemes.

Cahita, a Uto-Aztecan tribe of the Taracahitian family living in southwestern Sonora and northwestern Sinaloa, principally in the middle and lower portions of the valleys of the Río Yaqui, Río Mayo, Río Fuerte, and Río Sinaloa, and extending from the Gulf of California to the Sierra Madre except for the coastal tract south of the Esto de Agiabampo. They included the Bamoa (south of Río Sinaloa), Sinaloa or Cinaloa (on upper Río Fuerte), Mayo (on Río Mayo), Tehueco (on Río Oteros), Yaqui (on Río Yaqui), and Zuaque (on the lower course of the Río Fuerte).

Caimanes, a Cuna tribe.

Cakchiquel, a tribe belonging to the Quichoid division of the Mayan linguistic stock located in central Guatemala between Lake Atitlán and the site of Guatemala City and southward to the Pacific Ocean.

Camaleones, a Tamaulipec tribe about Santillana.

Canaynes, given by Orozco y Berra (1864) as the name of a Tamaulipec tribe.

Caramariguanes, given by Orozco y Berra as the name of a Tamaulipec tribe.

Caramiguaies, given by Orozco y Berra as the name of a Tamaulipec tribe.

Carib, a tribe not entered upon the map because they were post-Columbian arrivals from the Lesser Antilles upon the northern coast of Honduras whence they spread to the west coast of the Gulf of Honduras and as far north as Stann Creek, British Honduras.

Caribayes, given by Orozco y Berra (1864) as the name of a Tamaulipec tribe.

Carrizos, a Tamaulipec tribe about Camargo.

Catapa, a Chibchan tribe of the Rama-Corobici subfamily.

Caviseras, a Lagunero tribe.

Cazcan, a tribe of the Nahuatlan (Aztecoidan) division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, located in the southernmost part of the State of Zacatecas, northern Jalisco, and perhaps a small part of Aguas Calientes, extending south to Lake Chapala and beyond the Río Grande de Santiago. The Cazcan proper were in the northern part of this territory, the Tecuexe in the southern part, and the Coca west of Lake Chapala.

Chacahuaztli, a division of the Totonacan family.

Chalchuapa, site occupied by a detached body of Pokomam Indians (Mayan stock) in the Pipil territory.

Chaliva, a Chibchan tribe the minor affiliations of which are unknown.

Chamelcón, a valley near Naco, Honduras, where a band of Nahuatl Indians lived.

Chañabal, a tribe forming one group with the Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Quelene, and Chuj in the Mayoid division of the Mayan linguistic stock. They were located in the southeastern part of Chiapas near the Mexican-Guatemalan boundary.

Changuena, a Chibchan tribe of the Dorasque division, located in the westernmost part of the Republic of Panama, inland and southwest of Río Tilorio.

Chapagua, the site of a Nahuatl colony, northern Honduras.

Chatino, a tribe belonging to the Zapotecan family living in the southern part of the State of Oaxaca between Oaxaca City and the Pacific Ocean, and on the Río Verde.

Chato, a Matagalpa (or possibly Lenca) tribe, perhaps identical with the Dule and occupying part, of the Tegucigalpa area, Honduras.

Chiapanec, a tribe belonging to a family called Chiapanecan or Chorotegan and centering about Tuxtla Gutierrez in western Chiapas but formerly occupying a much larger territory.

Chicomuceltec, a tribe belonging to the Mayoid division of the Mayan linguistic stock, located in the extreme southeastern part of Chiapas close to the Guatemalan frontier.

Chilanga, a division of Lenca Indians in the northeastern part of the Republic of El Salvador.

Chinantec, a tribe constituting an independent stock, the Chinantecan, located in the district of Tuxtepec in the northern part of the State of Oaxaca, México. Mason and Johnson (1940) give the following dialectic varieties: Hume, Ojitlan, Wahmi, and Yolox.

Chinarra, an important subdivision of the Concho living between the Río Santa Maria and the Río Conchos, State of Chihuahua, México, in the northern section.

Chinipa, a tribe placed by Mason and Johnson in the Varohío group of the Taracahitian linguistic family and located on a river of the same name, a branch of the Río Fuerte, State of Chihuahua.

Chiripo, a synonym for Cabecar (q. v.).

Chiru, an "unassigned" tribe on the Gulf of Panama west of Panama City.

Chizo, an important subdivision of the Concho living about the big bend of the Río Grande.

Chocho (of Oaxaca), a tribe placed by Mechling (1912) in his Mazatec stock but by Mason and Johnson in the Popolocan family and Otomanguean stock; located in the northern part of the State of Oaxaca.

Chocho (of Puebla), see Popoloca.

Chol, a Mayan tribe including two divisions, the Chol Lacandon of eastern Chiapas along the Río Usumacinta and a second about the head of the same.

Cholo, a tribe placed by Mason and Johnson in the "unassigned" group but by Lehmann (1920) connected with the Choco Indians of Colombia, in the extreme southeastern part of the Republic of Panama on the Pacific coast.

Cholutec, a tribe which has been called Mangue to the exclusion of the Diriá and Orotina but are properly independent of but related to the Mangue. They have been united into one stock with the Chiapanec called by Thomas (1911) Chiapanecan but by Mason and Johnson Chorotegan; Lehmann (1920) connected them with the Otomi. They lived in southern Honduras along the Gulf of Fonseca.

Chontal, signifying in Nahuatl "stranger," (1) a Mayan tribe connected closely with the Tzeltal, Chol, and Tzotzil and occupying the entire eastern part of the State of Tabasco.

Chontal (2), see Tequistlatec.

Chorti, a tribe of the Choloid branch of the Mayan stock living in the easternmost part of Guatemala and the neighboring Copan district of Honduras.

Chuchures, a tribe living in the neighborhood of Point Manzanillo on the north coast of the Republic of Panama, by some placed in the Nahuatlan (Aztecoidan) division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family and by others connected with the Suma of the Chibchan family.

Chucunaque, a Cuna tribe belonging to the Chibchan stock.

Chuj, or Chuje, a Mayan tribe closely connected with the Jacaltec and belonging to the same group as Chol, located in northwestern Guatemala between Nenton and San Sebastian.

Chumulu, a Chibchan tribe.

Cinaloa, a Cahita tribe on the upper course of the Río Fuerte, State of Sinaloa.

Coahuiltecan tribes, the name given a great number of small tribes or bands in the State of Coahuila, México, and also in Neuvo León, Tamaulipas, and southern Texas as far as the River San Antonio. (See Texas.)

Coano, a division of Cora Indians on the Río Santiago, Nayarit, México.

Coca, a division of Cazcan Indians west of the Lago de Chapala, State of Jalisco, México.

Cochimi, a Yuman tribe in Baja California between latitude 26 N. and latitude 31 N.; Laymon is a northern division.

Coco, a Sumo division.

Cocomacaque, a division of Pima Bajo north of the Río de Sonora, State of Sonora, México.

Cocopa, an Arizona tribe which occasionally crossed into Sonora. (See Arizona.)

Cocora, a tribe belonging to the Rama-Corobici subfamily of the Chibchan stock, on the Río Cocora in southeastern Nicaragua.

Coiba, signifying "distant"(?), the western division of the Cunan branch of the Chibchan linguistic stock located in the neighborhood of the present Panama Canal and westward.

Colotlan, a tribe on the river of the same name, closely connected with the Teul and Tepecano Indians and therefore in the Piman division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.

Comanito, a tribe placed by Mason and Johnson in the Tahue group of their Cahitan linguistic subfamily and Taracahitian family of the Uto-Aztecan stock.

Comecamotes, a Tamaulipec tribe about Soto la Marina.

Comecrudo, a Coahuiltec or Tamaulipec tribe about San Fernando, Tamaulipas.

Comopori, a division of the Guasave north of the Esto. de Agiabampo.

Concho, a tribal division in the valley of the Río Concho above its mouth and extending westward to the neighborhood of the Casas Grandes. They are placed by Mason and Johnson in the Taracahitian division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock. There were two major subdivisions, the Chinarra around the salt lakes and sand dunes of northern Chihuahua, and the Chizo east of the Concho and near the big bend of the Río Grande; and the following minor bands: Abasopalme, Aycalme, Bachilmi, Baopapa, Cacalotito, Concho, Conejo, Coyamit, Guamichicorama, Guelasiguicme, Guiaquita, Julime, Mamite, Mesquite, Mosnala, Obone (or Oposine), Olobayaguame, Olojasme, Polacme, Posalme, Sucayi, Tatamaste, Tocone, Topacolme, Xiximole, Yacchicaua, Yaculsari, Yaochane (Ahuchan or Ochan), Yeguacat.

Conguaco, or Popoluca, a tribe classed by Thomas (1911), following, Juarros (1824), with the Lenca but by Lehmann (1920), followed doubtfully by Mason and Johnson, in the Xincan family. They were in the extreme southeastern part of Guatemala near the Pacific coast.

Conicari, a tribe connected by Sauer (1934) with the Cahita and therefore assigned by Mason and Johnson to their Taracahitian family of the Uto-Aztecan stock; they were located about the junction of the Mayo and Cedros Rivers.

Cooc, given by Peralta (1895) as a "province" of the Guetare Indians.

Cora, (1) calling themselves Nayarit or Nayariti, a tribe belonging to the Taracahitian division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family, located in the Sierra de Nayarit, on the middle course of the Río Grande de Santiago, State of Jalisco, and a section of the San Pedro, and including the coast of the present Nayarit. Subdivisions: Coano (in the barrancas of Mochitiltic in the extreme south), Huaynamota (on an east branch of the Río Grande de Santiago), Zayahueco (south and southwest margins of Cora country).

Cora, (2) a subdivision of the Waicuri on the east coast of Baja California from about Dolores to the southeastern point of the peninsula.

Corobici, a Chibchan tribe closely related to the Guatuso and living to the east of Lake Nicaragua in Costa Rica.

Coto, or Cocto, a Chibchan tribe related to the Boruca and located in the interior of Costa Rica north of the Gulf of Dulce.

Coyamit, a band of Concho Indians.

Cuahcomeca, a tribe of unknown affinities located in western Guerrero.

Cuercos quemados, a Tamaulipec tribe about Revilla.

Cuicatec, a major division of the Mixtecan linguistic family ring in the district of Cuicatlán on the northeastern border of the Mixtec, State of Oaxaca, México.

Cuitlatec, a people of unknown affiliations living in the present States of Guerrero and Michoacán between the country of the Tarasco and the Pacific Ocean.

Cuna, the eastern branch of the Cunan family of the Chibchan stock, occupying all of the eastern part of the Republic of Panama except some territory on the Pacific coast and a small enclave in the interior.

Cuyuteca, a tribe of unknown affiliations living in the State of Jalisco.

Daparabopos, a band of Lagunero Indians.

Desaguedero, a body of Indians believed to have belonged to the Aztecoidan division of the Uto-Aztecan stock, located at the mouth of the Río San Juan between the present republics of Nicaragua and Costa Rice.

Didú, a tribe in Baja California of uncertain location believed to have belonged to the Waicurian family.

Diegueño, a Yuman tribe occupying territory in southwestern California and the northwestern part of Baja California. (See California.)

Diriá, a division of the Mangue, belonging to the Chiapanecan or Chorotegan linguistic stock, connected by Lehmann (1920) with the Otomi. They were located between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.

Doleguas, a Guaymi tribe on Río Chiriqui, Republic of Panama.

Dorasque, a tribe of the Chibchan linguistic stock living in the northwestern part of the Republic of Panama on the Atlantic coast about the Bahia del Almirante and extending across to the Pacific.

Dudu, a Sumo tribe placed by Mason and Johnson in the Misumalpan linguistic stock.

Dule, a tribe, possibly identical with the Chato, placed somewhat doubtfully in the Matagalpan family, and located in the area of Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Duy, a Chibchan tribe related to the Dorasque.

Edú, a Baja California tribe of uncertain location but probably belonging to the Waicurian family.

Escoria, an "unassigned" tribe inland from the Gulf of Parita in the western part of the Republic of Panama.

Estrella, a Chibchan tribe of otherwise uncertain position.

Eudeve, a division of the Opata of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, in the southern part of the Opata territory near the Jova.

Garabito, given by Peralta (1895) as a Guetare "province," and hence falling in the Chibchan linguistic stock.

Gocoyome, a band of Toboso Indians and perhaps belonging to the Athapascan stock.

Gotane, a tribe of the Chibchan stock and Rama-Corobici subfamily.

Guachichile, a tribe or group of tribes regarded as connected with the Huichol and classed with the Aztecoidan division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family. They occupied a long strip of territory extending from the borders of Michoacán northward to Saltillo and lying between longitude 100 and 103 W.

Gualaca, a Chibchan tribe otherwise "unclassified" living near the mouth of Río Chiriqui in the Gulf of Chiriqui.

Guamichicorama, a band of the Concho.

Guanexico, a tribe believed to belong to the Ulva group of the Suman family and Misumalpan stock.

Guarco, a Guetare band or "province" mentioned by Peralta.

Guasapar, a tribe belonging to the Varohio division of the Taracahitian family and Uto-Azetcan stock, in the present state of Chihuahua midway between the Río Oteros or Chinipa and the Río Urique.

Guasave, a tribe of the Cahita group, Taracahitian family and Uto-Aztecan stock located on the Pacific coast of the State of Sinaloa between the Esto. de Agiabampo and the Río San Lorenzo.

Sauer (1934) gives the following subdivisions: Achire (at the southern end of the Guasave territory), Ahome (about the mouth of Río Fuerte), Comopori (north of the Esto. de Agiabampo), and Vacoregue (between the Ahome and the Esto. de Agiabampo). The following names of settlements are also given: Pohui, Sisinicari, Tamazula, and Ure.

Guatijigua, a settlement of Lenca Indians in the northeastern part of El Salvador.

Guatinicamame, a Mazatec tribe belonging to the Popolocan family and Otomanguean stock.

Guatuso, a tribe which formed one group of the Chibchan stock with the Corobici Indians, and lived in the interior of the Republic of Costa Rica south of Lake Nicaragua.

Guaxiquero, a body of Lenca Indians living in Honduras.

Guayma, a band of Seri Indians living on the Gulf of California near Guaymas.

Guaymi, signifying "man," a Chibchan tribe or group of tribes (Guaymi-Dorasque subfamily), in the Republic of Panama from David Bay on the Pacific coast and the Río Guaymi on the Atlantic side eastward to about the present Chame and Salud. The following are given as subdivisions or tribes: Doleguas (on Río Chiriqui), Move (east of Río Chiriqui), Muoi (south of Chiriqui Lagoon), Murire (about the Gulf of Chiriqui), Muite, Pariza (?), Penomeño (on the Gulf of Parita).

Guelasiguicme, a Concho band.

Guetare, a tribe belonging, to the Talamanca division of the Chibchan linguistic stock. Subdivisions Besides Voto, the name of an independent tribe, Peralta (1895) gives the following "provinces": Abra, Accerri, Catapa, Cooc, Garabito, Guarco, Pacaca, Tayopan, Tice, Turriarba.

Guiaquita, a Concho band.

Guixolotes, a Tamaulipec tribe according to Orozco y Berra (1864).

Halyikwamai, or Kikima, a Yuman tribe on the frontier between Sonora and Arizona. (See Arizona.)

Himeri, a division of Pima Indians of the Piman family and Uto-Aztecan stock living on and near the upper Río Altar, Sonora.

Hine, a Xixime division on the headwaters of the Río Piaxtla.

Hoeras, a Lagunero band.

Huastec, the northernmost representatives of the Mayan linguistic stock in the northern part of the present State of Veracruz, southern Tamaulipas, and part of San Luis Potosi; Mason and Johnson mention Potosino and Veracruzano as dialects.

Huave, a tribe belonging to the Mizocuavean stock, formerly considered independent, living in the coastal parts of the districts of Juchitlan and Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca, México.

Huaynamota, a division of the Cora of Nayarit living on an east branch of the Río Grande de Santiago.

Huichol, a tribe supposed to be closely related to the Guachichil and with them forming a branch of the Aztecoidan (Nahuatlan) family and Uto-Aztecan stock, located in the mountains between the State of Zacatecas and the territory of Nayarit. They are divided into three principal districts with the villages of Santa Catarina, San Sebastian, and San Andrés Coamiata as their respective seats of government.

Huite, signifying "bowmen," a tribe placed by Mason and Johnson in one group with the Ocoroni and Nio and in the Taracahitian linguistic family and Uto-Aztecan stock. They lived about the junction of the Otero and Urique Rivers.

Hume (1), a division of the Chinantec Indians, Chorotegan family.

Hume (2), a division of the Xixime on the Presidio and Baluarte Rivers.

Icaiche, a Maya subdivision.

Ika, a body of Indians in Baja California probably belonging to the Waicurian family.

Inocoples, a Tamaulipec tribe about Hoyos.

Intibucat, a body of Lenca Indians in the Republic of Honduras.

Ipapana, given by Zembrano as a Totonac dialect spoken in the missions of the Augustines.

Irritila, a Lagunero band; Orozco y Berra (1864) applied their name to all of the Lagunero.

Itza, n Maya tribe about Lake Petén, Guatemala.

Itzuco, a tribe of unknown affiliations located in northern Guerrero.

Ixcatec, a tribe of the Popolocan family and Otomanguean stock living in the northern part of the Mixtec territory, State of Oaxaca, México.

Ixil, a Quichoid tribe of the Mayan linguistic stock living in an area slightly west of the center of Guatemala, and including the pueblos of Nebaj, Cotzal, and Chajul as the chief towns.

Izalco, a tribe belonging to the Aztecoidan branch of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, with a dialect regarded by Lehmann (1920) as the oldest type of Pipil. They lived about Izalco, south of San Salvador City, El Salvador.

Iztepeque, a body of Pokomam Indians, Mayan linguistic family, living east of San Salvador City.

Jacaltec, a Mayan tribe speaking a dialect allied to Motozintlec, and located around the pueblo of Jacaltenango, near the northwestern boundary of Guatemala.

Janambre, on slight evidence Orozco y Berra (1864) was induced to separate this tribe and the Pisone from the other tribes in Tamaulipas, and he has been followed by others without more reason. It is probable that these two tribes were Tamaulipecan or connected with the Pame and Otomi. They lived in the southwestern part of the State of Tamaulipas.

Jano, a predatory tribe on the northern frontier of México constantly complained of in late seventeenth-century documents. Sauer (1934) believes that they were Apache and specifically possibly the Mimbreño Apache. (See Apache under New Mexico.)

Jicaque, signifying in Nahuatl "ancient person," a tribe or group of tribes in northwestern Honduras retained for the present as an independent linguistic stock though they have resemblances to the languages of the Paya, Lenca, and Xinca. Mason and Johnson express uncertainty as to whether their language should he classed with those to the south or those to the north. The Jicaque of Yoro and Jicaque of Palmar (or Sula) are mentioned as dialects by Lehmann (1920). Mason adds that of Leany Mulia.

Jocome, a predatory tribe mentioned constantly in seventeenth-century documents in conjunction with the Jano and said to have the same speech. Sauer (1934) believes they were Apache and seems to suggest that they might have been the Chiricahua Apache.

Jova, a tribe connected with the Opata and classed in the Taracahitian family and Uto-Aztecan stock. They occupied the upper part of the valley of the Río Yaqui, and the following Jova villages are mentioned: Bacaniyagua, Baipoa or Baypon, Natora, Oparrapa, Orasaqui, Sereba, and Setasura.

Julime, a Concho band.

Jumano, a tribe on the Río Grande above the big bend, probably part of the Suma. (See Shuman under Texas.)

Kabo, a division of the Mosquito Indians on the east coast of Nicaragua, north of the mouth of the Río Grande.

Kamia, a Yuman tribe whose main seat was in the Imperial Valley, California, but which ranged across the international boundary. (See California.)

Karawaka, a division of the Panameka.

Kekchi, a tribe constituting with the Pokomam and Pokonchi one division of the Quichoid family of the Mayan stock, and living on both sides of the upper Río Cahabón, extending westward to the Río Chixoy.

Kikima. (See Halyikwamai.)

Kiliwa, or Kiliwi, a Yuman tribe connected somewhat closely with the Kamia and Diegueno and living in the Peninsula of Baja California on the west side of the Gulf of California near its head.

Kiwahka, a mixed Mosquito-Sumo tribe.

Kohuana, a tribe on the Río Colorado. (See Arizona.)

Ku, a Sumo tribe of the Misumalpan stock located on the middle course of Wanks River, Nicaragua.

Kukalaya, a mixed Mosquito-Sumo tribe.

Lacandon, a Mayan tribe in the south central part of the Peninsula of Yucatan.

Lagunero, from the Spanish signifying "lake people," a tribe or group of tribes assigned somewhat doubtfully to the Aztecoidan branch of the Uto-Aztecan stock and living about the lakes of the tablelands of Mapimi. The following bands or subtribes are named by Alegre: Ahomamas, Alamamas, Caviseras, Daparabopos, Hoeras, Irritila, Maiconeras, Meviras, Miopacoas, Ochoes, Paogas, Vassapalles, Yanabopos.

Lakus, a Sumo tribe (Suman family) living, with the Pispis Indians on the Río Uani, in Usabane, on the upper course of the Río Pispis and on the Río Bambana.

Lari, an unclassified tribe but probably Chibchan.

Laymon, a northern section of the Cochimi of the Yuman family, sometimes treated as independent.

Lenca, a tribe or group of tribes usually placed in a family (the Lencan) independent of all others though the language contains resemblances to Xincan. It occupied the Valley of Olancho and extended westward into the departments of Tegucigalpa, Comayagua, Intibuca, and Gracias and into the eastern part of El Salvador east of the Lempa River. The following dialects are mentioned: Guaxiquero, Intibucat, Opatoro, and Similaton in Honduras, and Chilanga and Guatijigua in El Salvador. Conguaco is sometimes placed in this stock but Lehmann (1920) classes it with Xinca.

Loreto, a site in Baja California occupied by Indians who constituted a division of the Cochimi of the Yuman family.

Macoyahui, a tribe regarded by Sauer (1934) as "pretty certainly" related to the Cahita and therefore classed by Mason and Johnson in their Taracahitian family of the Uto-Aztecan stock. They lived on the Río Mayo above the Conicari and in the hills southeastward from the Mayo.

Maiconeras, a Lagunero band.

Malinchenos, given by Orozco y Berra (1864) as a Tamaulipec band or tribe.

Mam, (1) a Quichoid tribe said to have spoken one of the most archaic of the Mayan dialects. They lived in southeastern Guatemala and part of the district of Soconusco, México.

Mam, (2) a Mosquito tribe living about the Caratasca Lagoon, Honduras.

Mamite, a Concho band.

Manche, a Mayan tribe thought to belong to the Choloid group under the Mayoid division of the stock, and located at the head of the Bay of Honduras.

Mandinga, a Cuna tribe, Chibchan stock.

Mangue, a tribe of the Chorotegan family or substock located in Nicaragua between Lake Managua and the Pacific Ocean. Divisions: Diriá and Nagrandan.

Maribichicoa-Guatajigiala, a small branch of the Maribio or Subtiaba of Nicaragua which in turn is believed to belong to the Hokan linguistic stock. They lived in the northeastern part of El Salvador.

Mariguanes, a Tamaulipec tribe living about Horcasitas.

Matagalpa, a tribe or group of tribes originally placed in an independent stock of the same name, by Lehmann (1920) connected with the Suma and Tawahka, Ulua, and Mosquito Indians, but put in their Misumalpan stock by Mason and Johnson. They occupied the central part of Nicaragua, extending almost to the northern end of Lake Nicaragua and north through southern Honduras to the northeastern corner of El Salvador. According to Conzemius (1932), they formerly inhabited the western portion of the Mosquito coast. The Cacaopera constituted a separate dialect.

Matlame, a subdivision of the Matlatzinca which belonged to the Otomian linguistic family and Otomanguean stock.

Matlatzinca, or Pirinda, a tribe belonging to the Otomian linguistic family and Otomanguean stock, occupying a narrow strip of territory south of the Mazahua, extending southwest from Toluca. The recorded subdivisions are: Atzinca (at San Juan Acingo), Ocuiltec (at Ocuila), and Quata.

Maya, the type division of the Mayan linguistic family occupying all of the Peninsula of Yucatan including the present British Honduras, northern Guatemala, and neighboring parts of Tabasco. Subdivisions or tribes were the following: Icaiche (east of the Río Hondo in the east central part of the peninsula), Itza (about Lake Petén in northern Guatemala and in adjoining parts of Yucatan and British Honduras), Lacandon (in the south central part of the peninsula), Maya proper (in the greater part of the peninsula and part of Tabasco), Mopan or Moapan (in the southern part of British Honduras and adjoining sections of Guatemala), Santa Cruz (in the northeastern part of Yucatan).

Mayo, a Cahita tribe belonging to the Taracahitian family of the Uto-Aztecan stock, living on the Río Mayo, Sonora.

Mazahua, a tribe of the Otomian linguistic family living in the western portion of the State of México and probably occupying some adjoining territory in Michoacán.

Mazatec, a tribe in the northern part of the States of Oaxaca and Guerrero and extending into the State of Veracruz. Mechling (1912) made it the type tribe of a distinct stock but Lehmann (1920) afterward united it with Chinantec and Otomian while Mason and Johnson connect it primarily with Cuicatec and place it in their Otomanguean stock, and they give the following subdivisions: Mazatec of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Tabasco, and Guatinicamame.

Melchora, a tribe of the Chibchan stock closely connected with the Rama and located in the Republic of Nicaragua northeast of Lake Nicaragua.

Mesquite, a band of Concho Indians.

Meviras, a Lagunero band.

Meztitlanec, a tribe of the Aztecoidan division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock located in the region north of Tezcuco between the Sierra Madre and Huastec territory.

Miopacoas, a Lagunero band.

Mixe, one of the two main divisions of the former Zoquean linguistic family, now the Mizocuavean stock of Mason and Johnson, in the sierra northeast of the Zapotec in the States of Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Chiapas.

Mixtec, a tribe or tribal group in the western part of the State of Oaxaca and neighboring parts of Guerrero and Puebla. They were formerly, but seemingly erroneously, placed in one stock with the Zapotec. Mason and Johnson, who give them an independent stock position, do, however, place them in one "philum" with the Zapotec, Chinantec and Otomi. They distinguish the Mixteca Alta and Mixteca Baja as two main subdivisions.

Mocorito, a tribe on the Río Mocorito in the State of Sinaloa placed by Mason and Johnson in the Tahue group of the Taracahitian family.

Monqui, a Waicurian division on the cast coast of the Peninsula of Baja California between Dolores and Loreto.

Mopan, or Moapan, a Mayan tribe in the southern part of British Honduras and in adjoining sections of Guatemala.

Mosnala, a Concho band.

Mosquito, or Miskito, a group of tribes regarded by Thomas (1911) as forming an independent stock, connected by Lehmann (1920) with the Matagalpa, Ulua, and Sumo Indians, and through them with the Chibchan stock. Mason and Johnson) however, assign them to their Misumalpan stock. They lived on the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua north of Bluefields and on the Honduran coast as far west as Río Patuca. Mason and Johnson give the following as dialects: Baldam, Kabo, Mam, Tawira, Wanki.

Motozintlec, a Mayan tribe belonging to the same dialectic group as the Jacaltec and located about Motozintla in the southeastern corner of Chiapas close to the Tapachula and Mam.

Move, a Chibchan tribe of the Guaymi division, living on the Golfo de los Mosquitos on the northwest coast of Panamá.

Muite, a tribe belonging to the Guaymi division of the Chibchan linguistic stock.

Muoi, a tribe of the Guaymi division of the Chibchan stock located in the western part of the Republic of Panama.

Murire, a tribe of the Guaymi division of the Chibchan stock located in the southwestern part of the Republic of Panama.

Musutepes, a Suman tribe of the Misumalpan linguistic stock.

Naco, see Chamelcón.

Nagrandan, a division of Mangue of the Chorotegan family.

Nahuatl or Mexicano, popularly known as Aztec from the dominant tribe at the period of the Spanish conquest, a group of tribes belonging to the Aztecoidan family of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock. They were located from México City eastward to the coast of the Gulf of México near Veracruz and southeast along that coast to the eastern part of Tabasco, southward from México City nearly, if not quite, to the Pacific Ocean and in the coast districts of Michoacán. There was a detached area on the seacoast of Chiapas and another at the mouth of Usumacinta River; also a number of others as indicated below. There were many tribes including the three allied tribes of Aztec, Acolhua, and Tlacopan, and the Tlascaltec, Meztitlanec, Tepanec, the Sigua in Panama, the Desaguadero at the mouth of the Río San Juan, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, and the following detached groups in Honduras: Acasaguastlan, in the highlands of Olancho, in the Chamelcón Valley, Chapagua and Papayeca near Trujillo, and others near Comayagua and Naco.

Nahuatlato, an Aztecoidan tribe connected with the Pipil belonging to the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, and living on the east side of the entrance to the Bay of Fonseca in the Republic of Nicaragua. (See Olomeca on map.)

Nata, a tribe of unknown affiliations located on the Gulf of Parita, in the western part of the Republic of Panama.

Nebome, a division of Pima Bajo Indians living on both sides of the Río Yaqui in the State of Sonora.

Nicarao, an Aztecoidan tribe of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock affiliated with the Pipil. They lived between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean in the present Republic of Nicaragua. (See Niquisan on map.)

Nicoya, an Orotina tribe of the Chorotegan stock living on Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica.

Nio, a tribe placed by Mason and Johnson in one linguistic group with the Ocoroni and Huite in the Taracahitian family of the Uto-Aztecan stock. They lived on the Río Sinaloa about the mouth of the Ocoroni.

Niquisan, see Nicarao.

Obone, or Oposine, a Concho tribe.

Ochoes, a Lagunero band.

Ocoroni, placed by Mason and Johnson in one group with the Nio and Huite tribes and hence in the Taracahitian family of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock. They lived on a river of the same name, a branch of the Río Sinaloa.

Ocuiltec, a division of the Matlatzinca Indians of the Otomian linguistic family, occupying the eastern part of their territory.

Ojitlan, a division of the Chinantec of the Chorotegan linguistic family.

Olancho, location of a Nahuatl division in Honduras.

Olive, a tribe said to have been brought from the country beyond the Río Grande by a returning Spanish expedition early in the sixteenth century, but to which of the Texas linguistic stocks they belonged is unknown, though it was probably either the Coahuiltecan or the Karankawan. They were settled by the Spaniards in southern Tamaulipas.

Olmec, an extinct people of uncertain affiliations but formerly of great importance.

Olobayaguame, a Concho band.

Olojasme, a Concho band.

Olomega, see Nahuatlato.

Oluta, a division of the Popoloca of Veracruz belonging to the Mixe branch of the Mizocuavean linguistic stock.

Opata, from Pima signifying "hostile people," "enemies," a tribe or tribal group belonging to the Taracahitian division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock extending east and west from longitude 109 to 111 W. and north and south from the International Boundary of México and the United States to the main fork of the Río Yaqui, about latitude 28- 30 N. The Eudeve, in the southern part of Opata territory near the Jova were a subdivision. Villages were: Acônche, Aibin, Alamos, Aribêtzi, Arispe, Babiácora, Babispes, Bacadévatzi, Bacanôra, Bacóbitzi, Banámitzi, Bátsines, Batuco, Bátziner, Chinapa, Cuchuricác, Cucúripe, Cúmupas, Cuquíaratzì, Debatzi, Matape, Nacori, Oppósura, Oppotu, Sarãcatzi, Sauaripa, Setásura, Teúricatzi, Toapa, Tonitzí, Uasserác, Uépaca, Vásdabas, Zenoquippe.

Opatoro, a division of the Lenca living in the Republic of Honduras.

Orosi, an Orotina division living south of Lake Nicaragua and belonging to the Chorotegan family.

Orotiña, a tribe living in the extreme western part of the present Republic of Costa Rica between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Coast and connected with the Chorotegan family. Subdivisions: Nicoya (on Nicoya Peninsula) and Orosi (south of Lake Nicaragua).

Osa, a subdivision of Boruca Indians about the Gulf of Dulce on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.

Otomi, the principal tribe of the Otomian linguistic family occupying the greater part of the States of Queretero and Guanajuato, the northwestern portion of Hidalgo and parts of the State of México. A northern division of this tribe was known as Serrano, and a detached body is reported to have lived near the Pacific coast west of Colima. The Mazahua (q. v.) are sometimes regarded as a subdivision.

Pacaca, given by Peralta (1895) as a Guetare "province."

Pachera, a subdivision of the Tarahumare at the extreme headwaters of the northern branch of the Río Nonoava, under the municipality of Guerrero. They belonged to the Taracahitian family, Uto-Aztecan stock.

Pame, a tribe constituting a very divergent branch of the Otomian linguistic family. They were located mainly in the southeastern part of San Luis Potosi but also in adjoining areas of Tamaulipas and Queretero and are said to have extended into Guanajuato and to have included a mission (Cerro Prieto) in the State of México. Pimentel gives three dialects, one spoken in San Luis de la Paz, one in the city of Maiz, and one in Purísima Concepción de Arnedo.

Panamaka, a tribe of the Suman family, Misumalpan stock, located in the northern interior of Nicaragua. The following subdivisions are mentioned: Karawala, Panamaka, Tunki.

Panguayes, mentioned by Orozco y Berra (1864) as a Tamaulipec tribe.

Pantasma, a tribe given a doubtful status in the Matagalpan family.

Paogas, a Lagunero band.

Papabuco, a division of the Chatino of the Zapotecan stock.

Papago, a tribe in Sonora and Arizona. (See Arizona.)

Papantla, a dialectic division of the Totonac, Totonacan stock.

Paparos, a detached body of Indians classified by Lehmann (1920) in the Chocoan linguistic stock the main body of which lay along the Pacific coast of the Republic of Colombia. The territory of this tribe lay on the eastern borders of the Republic of Panama inland but nearer to the Atlantic than to the Pacific coast.

Papayeca, a Nahuatl colony near Trujillo, Republic of Honduras.

Papudo, a division of the Acaxee of the Taracahitian linguistic family and Uto-Aztecan stock, not mentioned by Sauer (1934).

Pasitas, according to Orozco y Berra (1864) a tribe of Tamaulipec.

Patica, a Chibchan tribe belonging to the Rama-Corobici division.

Paya, a tribe constituting an independent family and living between the Río Aguán and the upper reaches of the Patuca, as also probably on the Bay Islands. A modern division is called Seco.

Penomeño, A Chibchan tribe of the Guaymi division located on the west coast of the Gulf of Panama.

Pericu, a tribe connected on circumstantial evidence with the Waicurian family though only some proper names in their language are known. They lived about Cape San Lucas and extended northward on the west coast of the Peninsula of Baja California to about latitude 23- 30 N. No subdivisions are known, though the Waicurian Cora have sometimes been connected with them.

Piato, an Upper Pima (Pima Alto) tribe, Piman family and Uto-Aztecan stock, on the middle and lower Altar in Sonora. (See Pima under Arizona.)

Pima Alto, see Pima under Arizona.

Pima Bajo or Lower Pima, a tribe belonging to a linguistic family bearing their name, itself in turn a section of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock and located in the Río Yaqui region, Sonora, but extending eastward into Chihuahua and northward to about latitude 30. Sauer (1934) gives three main divisions: the Yecora, neighbors of the Varohio on the borders of Chihuahua and Sonora; the Nebome, on both sides of the Río Yaqui; and the Ures, inhabiting the flood plain of the Río Sonora below the gorge of Ures and downstream as far as water was available. He also enters on his map the Cocomacaque in the northern part of Pima territory.

Pipil, a tribe or group of tribes belonging to the Nahuatl branch of the Nahuatlan family, Uto-Aztecan stock. They occupied several separate areas, the largest chiefly along the Pacific coast in western Salvador and some adjacent parts of Guatemala; a second a little farther west, east of Escuintla in Guatemala; a third along the upper Río Motagua in eastern Guatemala between the Chol and Pokomam, a small area in Honduras north of Comayagua, another on the Río Chamelcón, and a doubtful enclave between the Jicaque and Paya.

Pirinda, see Matlatzinca.

Pisone, a tribe associated by Orozco y Berra (1864) with the Janambre. (See Janambre.)

Pispis, a division of Sumo Indians.

Pitas, a Tamaulipec tribe about Santander, perhaps identical with Orozco y Barra's Pintos.

Pochutla, a tribe speaking one of the most aberrant dialects of the Aztecoidan family, Uto-Aztecan stock, and located about Porto Angel on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca.

Pocora, a tribe belonging to the Rama-Corobici branch of the Chibchan linguistic stock.

Pocosi, a tribe connected with the Cabecar of the Talamanca division of the Chibchan stock, living in the neighborhood of the present Limon, Costa Rica.

Pokomam, a Mayan tribe closely connected with the Pokonchi and belonging to the Quichoid division. They occupied a considerable region in southeastern Guatemala, including the capital, extending northward to the Río Grande or Upper Motagua, and eastward to the boundary line between Guatemala and El Salvador. There were detached bodies in Pipil territory at Ahuachapan, Chalchuapa, Iztepeque, and San Salvador.

Pokonchi, a tribe forming with the Pokomam one linguistic group of the Quichoid division of the Mayan family. They extended over a fairly wide territory in the center of Guatemala about the headwaters of the Río Cahabón.

Polacme, a Concho band.

Popoloca (of Conguaco), a body of Indians at the pueblo of Conguaco near the southeastern corner of the Republic of Guatemala. Juarros (1884), followed by Thomas (1911), places them in the Lencan stock but Mason and Johnson incline to agree with Lehmann (1920) that they should be classed as Xincan.

Popoloca (of Oaxaca), see Chocho.

Popoloca (of Puebla), a tribe which gives its name to the Popolocan family of the Otomanguean stock located in the southern part of the State of Puebla near Oaxaca.

Popoloca (of Veracruz), a tribe assigned to the Mixe division of the Mizocuavean stock of Mason and Johnson and located on the southern coast of the Bay of Campeche extending south to the mountains in the Peninsula of Tehuantepec, México.

Posalme, a Concho band.

Potlapiqua, a tribe said to have branched off from the Pima though in Opata territory.

Potosino, a body of Indians speaking a dialect of Huastec, Mayan linguistic family.

Prinzo, a body of Indians of the Uluan division of the Chibchan stock, located in the Republic of Nicaragua north of the Río Grande.

Quata, a tribe doubtfully classed in the Matlatzinca division of the Otomian linguistic family.

Quepo, a division or tribe of Boruca Indians belonging to the Talamanca division of the Chibchan linguistic family and located on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica centering about Quepos Point.

Quiche, an important Mayan tribe belonging to the Highland division of the family which is given the name Quichoid by Mason and Johnson. They occupied considerable territory in central Guatemala about the headwaters of Río Motagua, extending thence around the western side of Lake Atitlán and southward to the Pacific Ocean.

Quinicuanes, according to Orozco y Berra (1864), a Tamaulipec tribe.

Rama, a tribe belonging to the Rama-Corobici division of the Chibchan linguistic family. They occupied the southeasternmost part of the present Republic of Nicaragua between the Río San Juan and the Atlantic but the greater part of them are now on Rama Key in Bluefields Lagoon.

Sabaibo, a division of the Acaxee.

Sainoscos, a Tamaulipec tribe about Padilla.

Salineros, a division of the Seri on the mainland of the State of Sonora opposite Tiburon Island.

San Blas, a Cuna tribe of the Chibchan stock at San Blas on the north coast of the Republic of Panama.

San Salvador, name given to a detached body of Pokomam of the Quichoid division of the Mayan family located about the capital of the Republic of El Salvador.

Santa Cruz, a division of Maya Indians in northeastern Yucatan. 

Sayula, a division of the Popoloca of Veracruz.

Sayultec, a tribe of the Aztecoidan division of the Uto-Azecan stock occupying two areas, one on the Pacific coast in the southern part of Jalisco, and the other inland, south and southwest of the Lago de Chapala.

Seco, a division of the Paya Indians (Payan stock).

Seri, a tribe formerly placed in all independent stock but now classed with the Yuman family and Hokan stock. They lived on Tiburon Island in the Gulf of California and on the eastern coast of the latter from the Río San Jose nearly to the Altar, State of Sonora. The following subdivisions are mentioned: Guayma (in the southern part of the Seri territory), Salineros (on the mainland opposite Tiburon Island), Tepocas (in the northernmost part of the Seri territory), Tiburon (on Tiburon Island), Upanguayma (near the Guayma).

Serrano, a Seri division. (See Seri.)

Serrano, a northern division of Otomi near the Río Moctezuma.

Sibayones (1), a Tamaulipec tribe about Aguayo.

Sibayones (2), a Tamaulipec tribe on the Río de los Infantes.

Sigua, a Nahuatlan (Uto-Aztecan) tribe classed in the same group as the Pipil and located on the Río Telorio in the Bahia de Almirante, on the Atlantic coast of Panama.

Silam, a Sumo division belonging to the Misumalpan linguistic stock living on the lower course of Wanks River, in the territory of Nicaragua and Honduras.

Similaton, a dialectic division of the Lenca Indians (Lencan stock) located in the territory of the present Republic of Honduras.

Sinacantan, a division of the Xinca Indians in southeastern Guatemala.

Sobaibo, a division of the Acaxee Indians in the southern part of their territory on the Río San Lorenzo, State of Sonora.

Soltec, a division of the Chatino of the Zapotecan linguistic stock.

Subinha, a tribe of the Mayan linguistic stock believed to have been related to the Jacaltec. All that is known of their language is contained in a vocabulary in the Lenguas Indígenas de Centro-America en el Siglo XVIII (Fernandez, 1892.).

Subtiaba, a tribe forming with the Tlapanec and Maribichicoa of Guerrero the Supanecan linguistic family which has been connected with the Hokan stock, They lived in the region of Leon, Republic of Nicaragua, on the Pacific slope.

Sucayi, a Concho band.

Suerre, a tribe of the Talamanca division of the Chibchan linguistic stock located on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica south of the mouth of the Río San Juan Bajo.

Suma, a tribe or group of tribes which extended along the Río Grande south of the present El Paso and westward to the Río Casas Grandes. If, as is probable, Jumano is only another form of the name, their boundary would be carried down the Río Grande beyond the mouth of the Concho. (See Shuman under Texas.) Probably related to the Uto-Aztecan stock.

Sumo, a tribe or group of tribes of the Suman family and Misumalpan linguistic stock in the northwestern interior of the Republic of Nicaragua and a fringe of territory adjoining in Honduras. Subdivisions: Bawihka (east of Wanks River towards its mouth), Boa (near the head of the Río Grande) Coco, Panamaka (on the Río Bokay and Río Hamaca), and the Lakus and Pispis Indians (on the Río Uani, in Uasabane, on the upper course of the Río Pispis, and on the Río Bambana), and Wasabane. The Ku and Silam (on the middle course of Wanks River) should probably be added.

Sumo-Sirpe, a mixed Mosquito-Sumo tribe.

Tagualilos, given by Orozco y Berra (1864) as the name of a Tamaulipec tribe.

Tahue, a tribe of the Taracahitian family of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock on the Pacific coast northward of Mazatlán, extending to the mouth of the Río San Lorenzo and from that point inland and northward to about latitude 25- 30 N. The following villages are mentioned. Atamura, Ategualato, Culiacán, Diareacato, Guachimeto, Hiluruto, Naboloto, Teboloto, Teculimeto, Yebalito—all but the third situated below Culiacán.

Talamanca, a tribe associated with the Bribri and located in central Costa Rica. It gave its name to a division of the Chibchan linguistic stock.

Tamaulipec, a group of small tribes named from the State of Tamaulipas in the central and southeastern parts of which they lived. It is probable that they were related to the Coahuilteco and Karankawa (see Texas), but the merest fragment of any of their languages survives. Through the Coahuilteco they are conjecturally connected with the Hokan stock. The Mexican Publicaciones del Archivo General de la Nación XV (Reyes, 1944) gives the following Tamaulipec tribe: Anachiguaies (about Escandón), Apostatas (about Burgos), Aracanaes (about Altamira), Borrados (about Dolores), Cacalotes (about Mier), Cadimas (about Guemes), Camaleones (about Santillán), Carrizos (about Camargo), Comecamotes (about Soto la Marina), Comecrudo (about San Fernando), Cuercos quemados (about Revilla), Inocoples (about Hoyos), Mariguanes (about Horcasitas), Pitas (about Santander), Sainoscos (about Padilla), Serranos (about Santa Barbara), Sibayones (1) (about Aguayo), Sibayones (2) (about Río de los Infantes), Tepemacas (about Laredo). Orozco y Berra (1864) repeats some of these names, sometimes in an altered form, and adds: Aretines, Canaynes, Caramariguanes, Caramiguais, Caribayes, Guisolotes, Malinchenos, Panguayes, Pasitas, Pintos (= Pitas?), Quinicuanes, Tagualilos, Tamaulipecos.

Tamazulteca, a tribe of unknown connections living in western Michoacán.

Tapachultec (1), (or Tapachula) a detached branch of the Zoque and so, according to Mason and Johnson, in the Mizocuavean stock. They lived on the border between México and Guatemala.

Tapachultec (2), a tribe of unknown affiliations, but distinct from the preceding, located on the México-Guatemalan border.

Tapixulapan, a division of the Zoque tribe of the Mizocuavean stock.

Tarahumare, a hispanized form, according to Lumholtz (in Hodge, 1910) of the native name Ralámari which probably signifies "foot-runners," a large tribe belonging to the Taracahitian branch of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, living in the Sierra Madre Mountains and on the headwaters of the San Pedro, Conchos, Urique, Otero, and Papigochic Rivers, southern Sonora and Chihuahua. The Pachera (at the extreme headwaters of the northern branch of the Río Nonoava, under the municipality of Guerrero) are given as a subdivision.

Tarasco, a tribe forming the Tarascan linguistic stock and occupying almost the whole of the State of Michoacán, except for the coastal section, and some small areas outside.

Tariaca, a division of Cabecar Indians of the Talamanca branch of the Chibchan linguistic stock living on the north coast of Costa Rica southeast of Point Limon.

Tatamaste, a Concho band.

Tatimolo, a division of Totonac Indians (Totonacan stock).

Tatiquilhati, a Totonac division of the Totonacan linguistic stock.

Tawahka, a tribe of the Sumo group and Misumalpan linguistic stock, living on the upper course of Wanks River, Honduras and Nicaragua. (See Tanaxka on map.)

Tawira, a tribe of Mosquito Indians (Misumalpan stock) in northeastern Nicaragua on the coast.

Tayopan, given by Peralta (1895) as a Guetare "province."

Tebaca, a division of the Acaxee of the Taracahitian family and Uto-Aztecan stock, living in the southwestern part of the Acaxee territory on the Río Culiacán.

Tecaya, given as a division of the Acaxee.

Teco-Tecoxquin, a tribe belonging to the Aztecoidan branch of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock located inland in southern Nayarit and in two detached areas in western Michoacán.

Tecual, a tribe placed by Sauer (1934) in one group with the Huichol and by Mason and Johnson in the Aztecoidan branch of the Uto-Aztecan stock. There were two sections of this tribe, one on the Río Grande de Santiago and the other on the Río San Pedro in Nayarit.

Tecuexe, a division of the Cazcan Indians, Aztecoidan branch of the Uto-Aztecan stock, living north of Lago de Chapala, State of Jalisco.

Tedexenos, given by Orozco y Berra (1864) as the name of a Tamaulipec tribe.

Tehueco, a tribe of the Cahita Indians on the Río Oteros, State of Chihuahua.

Teluski, a tribe whose exact affiliations are unknown but they probably belonged to the Chibchan stock.

Temori, a tribe assigned by Mason and Johnson to the Varohio group in the Taracahitian family and Uto-Aztecan stock. They lived between the Río Chinipa or Oteros and the Río Urique, State of Chihuahua.

Tepahue, a tribe belonging to the Taracahitian family and Uto-Aztecan stock closely connected with the Cahita. They lived on the Río Cedros, a northern branch of the Río Mayo, Sonora.

Tepanec, a Nahuatl tribe.

Tepecano, derived by Hrdlicka (1903; in Hodge, 1910) from Nahuatl tepetl, "mountain," and aco, "on top of," a southern Tepehuane division of the Piman family and Uto-Aztecan stock, living in the sierras of northern Jalisco.

Tepehua, a tribe belonging to the Totonacan linguistic stock occupying a small territory where the Mexican States of Veracruz, Hidalgo, and Puebla come together.

Tepehuan, according to Buelna (1891) from Nahuatl tepetl, "mountain," and huan, "at the junction of," a tribe belonging to the Piman division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, located mainly in Durango, on the eastern slope of the sierra between latitude 21 and 27 N., extending also into the States of Chihuahua, and Zacatecas and from the headwaters of the Río Fuerte to the Río Grande de Santiago in Jalisco.

Tepemacas, a Tamaulipec tribe about Laredo.

Tepocas, a division of the Seri in the northernmost part of their territory on the coast of the Gulf of California about latitude 30 N.

Tequistlatec, often called Chontal, an Aztec word meaning "stranger," a tribe in the districts of Yautepec and Tehuantepec on the Pacific coast of the State of Oaxaca. It was originally made into an independent linguistic stock, the Tequistlatecan from the name Tequistlateca suggested by D. G. Brinton (1891). Brinton, however, classed it as a dialect of Yuman and this has recently been confirmed by Kroeber (1915), who allies it through that family with the Hokan stock.

Térraba, a tribe belonging to the Talamanca division of the Chibchan linguistic stock located in the extreme northwestern part of the Republic of Panama, between Río Tarire and Río Telorio.

Teshbi, a Chibchan tribe related to the Térraba.

Tetiquilhatí, a Totonac division.

Teul, a tribe in southern Zacatacas on the Río Juchipila connected with the Tepecano and Tepehuan and through them with the Piman family of the Uto-Aztecan stock.

Texixtepec, a division of the Popoloca (of Veracruz) connected with the Mixe and through them with the Mizocuavean stock.

Tice, a tribe of the Rama-Corobici branch of the Chibchan linguistic stock.

Tlacopan, one of the three Nahuatl tribes in the Valley of México, which formed the Mexican confederation.

Tlacotepehua-Tepuzteca, an unclassified tribe centering around Chilpancingo, Guerrero.

Tlapanec, or Tlapaneco-Yopi, given by Orozco y Berra (1864) as a name applied to the Chocho Indians by the Indians of Guerrero, but made independent by Lehmann (1920), who connects the Tlapanec with the Maribio and Subtiaba which would place it in the Hokan stock.

Tlascala, a Nahuatl tribe in the present State of Tlaxcala, México.

Toboso, the name of a predatory tribe living in the seventeenth century in the Bolson de Mapimi and extending northward at least to the Río Grande, State of Coahuila, México. On circumstantial evidence they have been classed as Athapascan but this is not beyond question. Orozco y Berra's Cocoyome and Cabezas should perhaps be classed with them.

Tocone, a Concho band.

Tojar, a Chibchan tribe related to the Térraba (Chibchan stock) and located on an island of the same name on the north coast of Panama.

Tolimeca, a tribe of uncertain affiliations in western Guerrero.

Topacolme, a Concho band.

Toquegua, a tribe belonging to the Choloid branch of the Mayan linguistic family and located in northwestern Honduras on the coast of the Gulf of Honduras.

Totonac, the principal tribe of the Totonacan linguistic stock which is now regarded as independent though formerly thought to have affinities with the Mayan people. They lived in the northern part of the State of Puebla and that part of Veracruz between the City of Veracruz and latitude 21 N. Subdivisions: Mason and Johnson give three, the Coast, Papantla, and Sierra, but Zembrano (1752) states that there were four dialects: Chacahuaxtli (in the Pueblos of Xalpan and Pentepec), Ipapana (in the missions of the Augustines), Tatimolo (in the Pueblo of Noalingo), and Tetiquilhati (in the high sierras).

Totorame, a tribe closely connected with the Cora Indians and through them with the Aztecoidan branch of the Uto-Aztecan stock. They occupied the coast of Sinaloa from Mazatlán southward.

Trique, a tribe entered by Mason and Johnson as a substock of their Otomanguean stock. Mechling (1912) connected them with Mazatec and Lehmann (1920) with the Chiapanec and Otomi. They were in the midst of the Mixtec country west of the City of Oaxaca. The dialect of the town of Copala was said to differ considerably from the rest.

Tubar, a tribe placed by Mason and Johnson in the Tahue group of the Taracahitian linguistic family, Uto-Aztecan stock, and located in the hot river gorge between the debouchure of the Chínipas and Urique Rivers.

Tucurrique, a tribe believed to have been Chibchan but otherwise of uncertain affiliations.

Tule, a Cuna tribe in eastern Panama.

Tungla, a mixed Mosquito-Sumo tribe.

Tunki, a subdivision of the Panamaka.

Turriarba, a Guetare tribe in southwestern Costa Rica.

Turrin, a Rama-Corobici tribe of the Chibchan stock.

Turucaca, a Chibchan tribe related to the Boruca living north of the Golfo Dulce, on the Pacific coast of the Republic of Panama.

Tzeltal or Tzental, a tribe belonging to the Tzeltaloid division of the Mayan stock and located in eastern Chiapas northeast of the Chiapanec and between the Río San Pedro and the Río Grande, México.

Tzotzil (Quelene and Chamula probably synonyms), a tribe belonging to the Tzeltaloid division of the Mayan stock and located on the Río Grande in central Chiapas east of the Chiapanec.

Tzutuhil, a tribe belonging to the Quichoid division of the Mayan stock, living around the southern shore of Lake Atitlán, Guatemala.

Uchita, or Utciti, a division of the Waicuri on the west coast of the peninsula of Baja California between latitude 24 N. and the Pericu.

Ulua, originally a type tribe of the Uluan linguistic stock, they were connected by Lehmann (1920) with the Tawahka, Yosko, Mosquito, and Matagalpa and all ultimately with Chibchan. Mason and Johnson, however, treat the Suman family as a division of their Misumalpan stock and more remotely connected with the Chibchan tribes. They occupied much of the interior of the present Republic of Nicaragua from the Bay of Fonseca eastward to Lake Nicaragua and from the latter northward to the lower Río Grande and the Mosquito territory. The following subdivisions are given: Guanexico (location not given), Prinzo (north of the Río Grande), Ulua (on the Río Grande and Río Sigua).

Upanguayma, a body of Seri Indians near Guaymas, Sonora.

Uren, a Chibchan tribe not otherwise fixed as to status.

Ures, a body of Pima Bajo on the flood plain of the Río Sonora below the gorge of Ures and beyond, Sonora.

Urinama, a Chibchan tribe connected with the Bribri.

Urraca, a tribe of unknown affiliations living on the south coast of the Republic of Panama.

Uspanteca, a tribe of the Quiche group, Quichoid division, of the Mayan linguistic family, located at the point of meeting of the Quiche, Ixil, and Pokonchi and in the great bend of the Chixoy (Río Negro), Guatemala.

Vacoregue, a division of the Guasave Indians of the Taracahitian family, Uto-Aztecan stock, on the Pacific coast north of the mouth of the Río Fuerte, Sonora.

Varohío, by Mason and Johnson made the type tribe of a group belonging to the Taracahitian linguistic family and Uto-Aztecan stock. They were on the headwaters of the Río Mayo on the boundary between Chihuahua and Sonora, México.

Vassapalles, a Lagunero band.

Veracruzano, a Huastec dialectic division, Mayan stock.

Viceita, a Chibchan tribe connected with the Bribri.

Vigitega, a detached body of Indians near Tepic in Nayarit believed to have belonged to the Piman family and Uto-Aztecan stock.

Voto, a tribe forming, with the neighboring Rama and Guatuso, one dialectic group of the Chibchan stock located in the northwestern part of the present Republic of Costa Rica just south of the Río San Juan.

Wahmi, a division of the Chinantec, Chorotegan stock.

Waicuri, the largest body of Indians belonging to the Waicurian linguistic stock which Mason and Johnson classify conjecturally under the Hokan. They covered all of Baja California south of latitude 26 N. except a small area in the extreme southwest. Subdivisions: Aripa (located by Orozco y Berra (1864) in the extreme northwestern part of Waicuri territory), Cora (on the east coast from near Dolores to the southeastern point of the peninsula), Monqui (on the east coast between Dolores and Loreto), Uchita or Utciti (on the west coast between latitude 24 N. and the Pericu), Waicuri (on the west coast from latitude 24 to 25 N.). The Edú, Didú, and Ika, given by others as Cochimi divisions, were probably Waicuri but their locations are uncertain.

Wanki, a Mosquito subdivision.

Xilotlantzinca, an unclassified tribe in western Michoacán.

Xinca, a tribe placed in the Zoquean stock by Lehmann (1920) but given independent status by Thomas (1911) and more recently by Mason and Johnson except that the last mentioned place it in their great Macro-Penutian phylum. They lived in the extreme southeastern part of Guatemala between two areas of Pipil Indians. There were three closely allied dialects spoken in the pueblos of Sinacantan, Xupiltepec, and Xutiapa, to which Conguaco should probably be added, although Juarros (1824) and Thomas (1911) call it Lencan.

Xixime, a tribe of the Taracahitian branch of the Uto-Aztecan stock, their nearest relatives apparently being the Acaxee. They occupied the upper courses of the San Lorenzo, Piaxtla, Presidio, and Baluarte Rivers in the States of Durango and Sinaloa. The following subdivisions are reported: Aibine, Hine (on the headwaters of the Río Piaxtla), Hume (on the Presidio and Baluarte Rivers).

Xiximole, a Concho band.

Xorrhue, an otherwise unidentified Chibchan tribe.

Xupiltepec, a town whose inhabitants spoke a Xinca dialect. It is located in Guatemala.

Xurru, a tribe belonging to the Rama-Corobici branch of the Chibchan stock.

Xutiapa, a town of Guatemala in which a dialect of the Xinca language was spoken.

Yacchicaua, a Concho band.

Yaculsari, a Concho band.

Yanabopos, a Lagunero band.

Yaochane (Ahuchan or Ochan), a Concho band.

Yaqui, a tribe or tribal division of the Cahita living on the Río Yaqui in the State of Sonora, México.

Yasika, a Suman tribe belonging to the Misumalpan stock.

Yecora, a division of Pima Bajo along the boundary line between the states of Chihuahua and Sonora, México.

Yeguacat, a Concho band.

Yolox, a division of the Chinantec, Chorotegan stock.

Yosco, a tribe of the Misumalpan stock most closely connected with the Sumo and Ulua people, in central Nicaragua on the Río Lisauei and the Río Hamaka.

Zacateco, a tribe related to the Cazcan of the Aztecoidan family and Uto-Aztecan stock, occupying a large part of the State of Zacatecas and also part of Durango, México.

Zapotec, the type tribe of the Zapotecan family, occupying the greater part of central Oaxaca and extending from the Chinantec country to the Pacific coast. Mason and Johnson give the following major divisions: Zapotec of the Northern Mountains, Zapotec of the Southern Mountains, and Zapotec of the Valleys, and the following dialects: the Zapotec Cajono, Zapotec Etla, Zapotec Ixtepexi, Zapotec Nexitza, Zapotec Ocotlan, Zapotec Zaachilla, and the Tehuantepec.

Zayahueco, a division of the Cora Indians, Taracahitian family, Uto-Aztecan stock, living in the southern and southwestern margins of the Cora country.

Zegua, a Chibchan tribe, otherwise unclassified.

Zhorquin, a Chibchan tribe, otherwise unclassified.

Zoe, according to Buelna (1891), from tzoi, "wax," "pitch tree," regarded by Sauer (1934) as belonging to the same group as the Comanito Indians which were members of the Taracahitian family and Uto-Aztecan stock. They lived in the rough hill country of the Río Fuerte above the Cahita and along the Sinaloa-Chihuahua boundary. Two related tribes are mentioned, the Zoe proper and the Baimena.

Zoque, the type tribe of the Zoquean linguistic family placed by Mason and Johnson in their Mizocuavean stock. They lived in the extreme eastern part of Oaxaca, in northwestern Chiapas, and in the adjoining parts of Tabasco. Tapixulapan is given as a dialect.

Zuaque, a division of the Cahita Indians of the Uto-Aztecan stock living on the lower course of the Río del Fuerte, State of Sinaloa.